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BACnet – As Seen on Shodan

As seen on Shodan logo

Ever wonder how many BACnet systems are exposed on the internet?  This is an ongoing project to analyze BACnet hosts found in the Shodan database.  Each month, results from Shodan hosts with port 47808 will be analyzed.  Monthly reports will analyze results by vendor, device model and location.

Monthly Reports

Total number of BACnet devices by month

Never Expose BACnet to the Public Internet

While the BACnet standard allowed for some basic level of security, nothing on the market today supports it.  I’m told the BTL testing labs have also never certified a device supporting this to date.  If someone can discover a device, they can start commanding objects and changing settings with freely available BACnet tools.

Results of exposing devices could range from annoying to real damage.  Turning the heat off in during a winter holiday weekend, to downloading corrupt firmware / program files bricking devices.

If remote access is required its extremely important to either use VPNs or more secure protocols to transit the public internet.

Report Details

Shodan’s report contains the IP address, banner, timestamp, host name, and location based on the IP address.  For BACnet hosts that respond, the banner will contain the instance, object name, device location, vendor name, BDT table, application / firmware version, device model and name.

Our scripts parse Shodan’s banners to do some basic classification on the host.  Hosts that responded with valid responses are considered BACnet devices.  Unknown hosts are hosts that either have invalid BACnet responses, BACnet error messages, or empty banners.  Hosts that reply with a BACnet error message are considered Unknown / Suspected BACnet devices.

After classifying the hosts, they are sorted and the occurrence each vendor and device model is calculated.  Since some control vendors have identity crises requiring additional filtering.  Honeywell for example uses “Honeywell”, “Honeywell International, Inc” and “Honeywell International Inc.”.  Vendor names reduced to alpha numeric characters with spaces removed when calculating vendor totals.  Additional rules look for the first occurrence of a vendor known to use multiple different names and all further occurrences of any variation are counted together.

Additional BACnet Security Research

Public BACnet Scanning

There are several other actors constantly scanning the internet for BACnet devices.  Using honeypots we regularly see scans from the following organizations as well as other unidentified sources.

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Tridium Releases Niagara Security Updates

Tridium released updates for the Niagara AX & N4 platforms this week that patch security vulnerabilities, including critical JVM vulnerabilities. Without mention which versions of AX/N4 are effected, one can only assume all prior versions. When asked for more details, Tridium said Windows based hosts are at the highest risk and they are not aware of active exploits in the wild currently. That being the case, at a minimum all Windows based supervisors and soft Jaces should be patched as soon as possible.

This brings AX to version 3.8.401 and N4 to version 4.4.92.2.1. Vykon branded platforms have this available now, third party channels will lag behind to vary degrees. Unfortunately without any further details, there is no mitigations other than patching. If your channel is behind the current release version, waiting or switching brands is the only option. If this is the case, please help move the industry forward and make your concerns known to the vendor. Customers shouldn’t have to wait months for critical security updates.

Official Announcement

7/12/18 Update

Another update may be forthcoming shortly.

8/19/18 Update

Official ICS-CERT announcement.  Disabled accounts seem to be central to this bug which may allow for remote code execution.  The CVE links seem dead as of today.

8/30/18 Update

Scanning on the open internet for exposed Tridium system increases. 

Coincidence, I think not.  If you must expose your system to the internet, its past time to update.

 

 

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Raspi Network Tap

Recently I had a need for a small portable device to preform long term BACnet captures and figured the Raspi might be well suited. Using the raspi network tap described below you can capture months of traffic, remotely access Wireshark and download the captured traffic. I decided on a passive tap but any switch or hub could be used depending on your needs.

Material used

$160.29 total cost per unit in my setup, cost was not a huge concern. This could be done for half by making a passive tap and sourcing cheaper parts. 

Update, I decided to roll my own tap.  Its available at the bottom of this post.

Install Raspbian and update

Download the current version of Raspbian and install it to the SD card. On Windows I use Win32DiskImager to copy the image to the card. Connect Ethernet, keyboard, mouse and a monitor and boot it from the SD card. It should load right into the desktop with the pi user account. Open up a terminal window and update.

sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Install VNC

In a terminal window, get and install realVNC.

sudo apt-get install realvnc-vnc-server realvnc-vnc-viewer

sudo raspi-config

Under localization options set the timezone.

Under advance options expand the filesystem.

Set the resolution. If your planing on using the pi headless, VNC will have a very small desktop once the monitor is removed. The largest option is best. Make sure whatever setting you choose is compatible with your monitor.

Under interface options enable VNC server.

If you want to check the DHCP address assigned to the raspi use the following in the terminal.

ifconfig

Exit the config menu and reboot the device.

sudo reboot

At this point you should be able to disconnect the keyboard, mouse and monitor and access the pi over VNC. On Windows I use RealVNC. VNC into the pi using the default user account – pi/raspberry.

Install Wireshark

Open a terminal window install and setup Wireshark.

sudo apt-get install wireshark

Part of the install will ask a few questions.

wireshark setup questions

Choose the default – NO and then create a new user group.

sudo groupadd wireshark

Add your user to this group, “pi” is default.

sudo usermod -a -G wireshark pi

Change the group ownership of dumpcap.

sudo chgrp wireshark /usr/bin/dumpcap

Allow the group to execute the directory.

sudo chmod 750 /usr/bin/dumpcap

Give setcap the capabilities.

sudo setcap cap_net_raw,cap_net_admin=eip /usr/bin/dumpcap

Reboot the Raspi to apply the settings.

sudo reboot

Determine your capture plan

Create on bash script per network interface you plan on using. There are several options depending on how you want to capture. A dedicated interface for the capture and a secondary for remote access is recommended. You will need a network tap or switch that supports mirroring or span ports for most networks such as this. These duplicate traffic on multiple ports to a single mirror port. Connecting the Raspi to a mirror port allows you capture all the traffic. Most cases these ports are one way, so they cannot be used to remotely access your Pi. Passive taps are another option for traffic capture. These can be homemade for a few bucks or purchased online. These do not require any power but separate monitoring interfaces are needed to capture the transmit and receive streams separately. You can combine the capture files later if desired. Passive taps steal some of the signal from the monitored cable. As such, Gigabit links will downgrade to 100mb and cable runs pushing the distance limits may not work. These taps are totally transparent to the monitored network. Connecting the Throwing Star with “OUT” to the monitored device, TX is traffic transmitted from the OUT port, RX is traffic received from the IN port.

Wiring of the Throwing Start LAN Tap

Auto start Wireshark

Create a folder for the captures and a bash script for each capture interface to start Wireshark at boot up. In a terminal window:

mkdir /home/pi/Desktop/captures leafpad WSTXcapture.sh

Contents of the script:

#!/bin/bash

#Set the nic to promisc mode
sudo ip link set eth1 promisc on

#Fire up WS, rotate the logs every 24hrs
wireshark -i eth1 -k -b duration:86400 -w /home/pi/Desktop/captures/WS_TX

Save the file and close the editor Edit the LX autostart file to add the above script. This is located in /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi. In a terminal window:

sudo leafpad /home/pi/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart

Add a line for each script you created above preceded with @

@bash /home/pi/WSTXcapture.sh @bash /home/pi/WSRXcapture.sh

LX Autostart Script

At this point the Pi is ready to go. Reboot and should launch Wireshark and start capturing.

Raspi setup and actively capturing

Additional tips

Its best to use a capture filter with Wireshark to limit things to the traffic of interest. This results in smaller capture files and reduces the chance of capturing sensitive traffic. To see all the Wireshark command line options use the following:

wireshark -h

For capture filters, add them to the capture bash file created above. To monitor only BACnet traffic use:

wireshark -i eth1 -k -f 'udp port 47808’ -b duration:86400 -w /home/pi/Desktop/captures/WS_TX

Below is an example to capture multiple protocols.

wireshark -i eth1 -k -f 'udp port 47808 or udp portrange 67-68 or udp port 53' -b duration:86400 -w /home/pi/Desktop/captures/WS_TX captures/WS_TX

This will include BACnet, DHCP and DNS traffic. Adding BACnet specific coloring rules helps when reviewing. Optigo has videos on using Wireshark with BACnet. See the resources section of this site. Here is a link to Optigo’s Gdrive coloring rules. See here for some basic information on securing the Raspi. You can retrieve captures with VNC, FTP, SCP, or Samba. Information is available online covering this setup.

8-10-18 Update

After using several of these Raspi network taps in the field, I thought it was time for a quick update.

Construction

First lesson was the construction of the setup. Originally, I used 3M Dual Lock Velcro to attach the USB nics and the GSG tap to the case. Normally this Velcro has very good adhesion to just about anything and this was no exception. As always, the weakest link is the point of failure. In this case it was the stickers on the bottom of the Ableconn USB to Ethernet adapters. Both stickers peeled right off in short order, leaving the adapters flopping in the breeze. I sanded the bottoms with emery cloth and used a 5 minute epoxy to glue them to the case. This held extremely well, in fact I destroyed the USB adapters when I tried to remove them for the second upgrade.

Raspi with USB dual nics epoxied on top of case.

Custom tap replacing the GSG Throwing Star

Second area for improvement was the GSG throwing star and the unwieldy cable management issue it created. With the patch cords leaving in four different directions, it was a pain to fit in the typical 6-8” deep control panel. Being there is little too a passive tap, I created my own. This custom tap eliminates two of the patch cords and has the remaining cables exiting in the same direction as the onboard Raspi Ethernet port. This slides into the adapters and has just two female ports for the IN / OUT connections of the cable to be monitored.

Raspi with custom tap installed.
Raspi with custom tap removed.

To glue the USB adapters, I found it best to have a 10” piece of masking tape ready. Spread the epoxy on the bottom taking care not to get to close to the front end with the RJ45. Put the masking tape on the back side of the case leaving enough to wrap over the top to hold the adapters in place. Stick the adapters on the top of the Raspi case with one hand, while carefully installing the tap with the other. Wrap masking tape around the adapters once your happy with the position of everything. When the epoxy starts to set, remove the tap so it doesn’t get permanently glued in place.

Custom Taps for Sale

To recover the cost of these, I made a handful of extra to offer here. I will ship these USPS Priority mail in a small flat rate box, for $30 + shipping anywhere in United States. Any orders outside of the US will be canceled and refunded. Sorry international shipping costs more than these are worth. Current stock will ship next business day. If you’re interested, get one before they are gone with buy now link below.

Raspi custom taps for sale!

Preloaded SD Cards

Can’t be bothered to follow through the whole setup, no worries. Preloaded SD cards are available here as well. These are SanDisk Ultra Micro SDXC UHS-I Cards. For $10 more than Amazon you can be up and running in minutes.

Sizes

Future upgrades

Not sure I will ever get to this, but it would be nice to add MS/TP capture to this setup. Shouldn’t be too difficult but I have other projects that need attention.

Resources

https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/raspbian/updating.md
https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/remote-access/vnc/
http://donsthinktank.blogspot.com/2015/07/wireshark-raspberry-pi.html
https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/security.md
https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/remote-access/ftp.md
https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/remote-access/ssh/scp.md

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Mass Export of Niagara Histories to CSV Files

Yet another way to export Niagara histories, this time with a program object. This object will convert every history within a station to a individual CSV file. In AX, these are located in the historyExports folder under the station home directory. In N4, these will be located in /shared/historyExports/ under the station home. Keep in mind, running this on a Jace may cause the station to run out of disk space. Depending on the number and length of the histories this process can take a few minutes.

When the object is executed, it locates all the histories within the station its ran on. One by one these are converted to CSV and saved as individual files. File names will be the history name with special characters escaped. If their are histories from multiple stations, individual folders are created per station under the export folder. Each CSV file will contain the timestamp and value of the full history time frame. Values are just the numeric portion, no units. This makes it easy to use within excel if you need to preform math functions on them. The status slot of the object will display the current history being exported as it runs. Once complete it will contain a total number of histories exported.

Giving credit where do, this code originally came from the Niagara Central Community. The post there was for AX only, hard to find and didn’t clearly cover all the steps needed to implement a working object. Hopefully this will clear up the finer details. Tested under AX3.8 & N4.3.

N4 Program Object Code
AX Program Object Code

Changing the references to getProgram to getComponent are the only differences in code between AX & N4. Some of the package names also vary slightly.

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BMS Commissioning Forms

Point to point commissioning (Cx) of a building automation system is key to quality control on any system.  This is often overlooked by contractors.  Failing to fully test the system results in higher warranty callbacks and customer dissatisfaction all while tarnishing a contractor’s reputation.

Benefits for contractors

Fully documenting the Cx process gives solid warranty date information, helps ease the transfer of projects between techs and provides clear initial system condition for end users that like to “tinker”.  Service is much easier if your techs are documenting site conditions in the Cx forms.  When the service tech is looking for a problem device later they will be able to find it quickly instead of searching for a long time. Any mechanical/equipment problems will be identified at startup and would prevent warranty callbacks.

Results of failing to 100% test

Benefits for owners

Failure to require your BMS contractor to document point to point Cx potentially leads to years of building issues/failures. Documented Cx doesn’t guarantee a problem-free system but it does set a minimum bar.  As an owner spend a little time to verify the dates, it becomes a bigger hassle to fake the forms than completing them. Requiring Cx documentation on bid day is unlikely to add costs to the project.  Good contractors will be doing this internally already.  Poor contractors will ignore the requirement.

Tools

The link below is a commissioning form for documenting point to point checkout.  It supports templates for unitary devices making it easy to generate all the required forms.  Scripts automatically create forms for each device and hyperlinks to the index page.   All forms can be quickly checked and the status is updated on the index worksheet.  When a project passes between techs, this gives clear indication where the project stands.

Typical workflow to implementing Cx forms:

  • Create templates for each common program or device
  • Save in a master form and distribute
  • During startup create forms based on project requirements
  • Document signal types and pass / fail per point during startup
  • At final closeout verify forms for completeness
  • Include in as-built documentation

Macros must be enabled after opening to allow scripts to run.  These are well commented and easy to modify.

Generic-Cx-Form-Public

Look for a video outlining the use of the spreadsheet soon.